We shall take the following two factors into consideration when selecting steel, the one is the machinability of the steel, the other is the vervice character during the processing, we hope the steel has a low strength and high elongation, which make ti easy to cut, stamp or form. But in the service of steel, we hope it has high strength, good impact performance to suffer extreme service condition. For these two reasons, we should select suitable steel form its mechanical properties.  Main Mechanical Properties Include Yield Strength  The yield strength or yield point of a material is defined in engineering and materias science as the stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point the material will deform elastically and will return to its orignal shape whem the applied stress is removed. Once the yield point is passed some fraction of the deformation will be permanent  and non-reversible.  Tensile Strength Tensile strength is indicated by the maximum stress before the break of specimen. In general, it indicates when necking will occur.  Elongation  Elongation , or percent elongation at break, is defined as  the change in gauge length after break per unit of the original gauge length. A high enlongation means the material can stand great permanet deformation before break, or high deformability.   The parameter yield strength, tensile strength, enlongation are measured by tensile test.  Impact Energy Impact energy, or toughness, is determined by the energy absorbed by the specimen during fracture in the impact test. It is measured in units of joules. Impact energy indicates material's resistance to impact load. It is tested by charpy V-notch test.  If welding is required during the process, we should consider the welding performance of the steel.  Welding  For the steel, welding is a fabrication to combine different pieces of steel together. In the welding, normally the binding sites melt together and cool to form a strong joint, such as electric arc welding, gas welding and electric resistance welding.  Weldability Weldability, also known as joinablility, of a material refiers to its alibityy to be welded. Most steels can be welded,but some are easier to weld than others. It greatly influences weld quality and is an important factor in choosing which welding process to use.   

Ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel is a very thin (usually less than 0.3 mm) ferrosilicon soft magnetic alloy with a high silicon content. It is a key advanced material for manufacturing high-efficiency motor cores and is particularly suitable for working in high-frequency environments. Producing this "thin as a cicada's wing" yet high-performance material requires overcoming a series of technical and process challenges: 1. Rolling and annealing process: Rolling steel to a uniform thickness of 0.1 mm is a significant challenge in itself. Even more critical is the subsequent continuous annealing process. On annealing lines that can stretch over a kilometer, it is imperative to ensure that the extremely thin strip does not deviate, wrinkle, or break, and that stable welding is achieved. This requires extremely high process control precision. 2. Composition and structure control: By adjusting the content of elements such as silicon (Si) and aluminum (Al), and precisely controlling the hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing temperatures and times during the production process, we optimize the material's grain structure and magnetic properties. The goal is to achieve the optimal balance between low iron loss and high magnetic induction. 3. Exploring Short-Process Technology: Traditional multi-step cold rolling (such as two-step cold rolling and three-step cold rolling) with intermediate annealing is a long and costly process. The industry is actively developing short-process manufacturing methods, such as attempting to eliminate normalizing treatments or optimize rolling process design, in order to reduce costs and improve efficiency while maintaining performance. The excellent properties of ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel make it a core functional material in many high-end equipment fields: 1. High-end new energy vehicle drive motors: This is currently the most important and fastest-growing application area. Using ultra-thin silicon steel sheets (e.g., 0.20mm) can significantly improve the efficiency and power density of motors, which is one of the keys to improving the range and performance of electric vehicles. 2. High-end drones and precision servo motors: These devices have extremely high requirements for motor weight, size, and response speed. Ultra-thin electrical steel can meet their lightweight and high-efficiency needs. 3. High-tech military equipment and aerospace: High-efficiency motors and special generators in related equipment require materials that can operate stably in complex and harsh environments. Ultra-thin, high-grade electrical steel is an important choice. 4. High-end home appliances and high-efficiency industrial motors: As energy efficiency standards increase, more and more variable-frequency home appliances and industrial motors are beginning to use thinner electrical steel to improve energy efficiency. The R&D and production of ultra-thin non-oriented electrical steel reflects China's technological strength in new materials and high-end manufacturing. Its development has directly driven technological progress in key industries such as new energy vehicles and intelligent manufacturing.

Transformers are core components of modern power and electronic systems, and their performance depends heavily on the metal materials used. The following information summarizes the main metal materials used in transformers and their key characteristics to help you quickly understand them. Core Materials: 1. Silicon Steel (Electrical Steel): Silicon steel features high magnetic permeability, high saturation magnetic induction, and low losses (especially grain-oriented silicon steel). It is typically used in power transformers, distribution transformers, and motor cores (low-frequency). 2. Soft ferrite: It has the characteristics of high resistivity, small high-frequency loss, but low saturation magnetic induction intensity. It is generally used in high-frequency switching power supply transformers, pulse transformers, magnetic amplifiers (high frequency), etc. 3. Amorphous and nanocrystalline alloys: They have extremely low loss (iron-based) and high magnetic permeability, resulting in significant energy-saving effects. They are used in energy-saving transformers, high-frequency transformers, and common-mode inductor cores. 4. Permalloy: It has extremely high magnetic permeability and low coercive force, but it is relatively expensive and is generally used in weak signal transformers, current transformers, and high-precision instruments. Wire Materials: 1. Copper: Copper wire has excellent electrical conductivity and good mechanical strength, making it the most commonly used in transformer windings. 2. Aluminum: Its electrical conductivity is inferior to copper, but it is lighter and less expensive than copper wire. It is often used in some windings, especially in cost-sensitive or weight-sensitive applications. Key considerations for material selection: When selecting transformer materials, the following factors should be weighed: 1. Frequency range: This is the most critical factor. Silicon steel, due to its high saturation flux density, is the preferred choice for power transformers in low-frequency applications such as industrial frequency (50/60 Hz). Soft ferrites and amorphous/nanocrystalline alloys, on the other hand, excel in high-frequency applications (e.g., kHz to MHz) because their losses are much lower than those of silicon steel. 2. Efficiency and losses: Transformer losses primarily consist of core losses (hysteresis losses and eddy current losses in the core) and copper losses (resistive losses in the coils). Using high-permeability, low-loss core materials (such as high-grade grain-oriented silicon steel or amorphous alloys) and high-conductivity coil materials (such as copper) can significantly improve energy efficiency. 3. Cost-performance balance: Permalloy offers excellent performance but is expensive, and is typically only used in equipment with specialized requirements. Aluminum wire can reduce transformer costs, but its conductivity is inferior to copper, requiring a larger cross-sectional area to achieve similar conductivity. 4. Operating environment: This includes factors such as temperature, humidity, and mechanical stress. For example, the short-circuit resistance of amorphous alloy transformers requires special consideration. Key Summary and Trends: Simply put, silicon steel and copper are the most mainstream and fundamental material combination currently used in the manufacture of industrial frequency, high-power transformers (such as those used in power grids). In contrast, soft ferrites dominate high-frequency, low-power applications (such as mobile phone chargers and switching power supplies). In the future, as energy efficiency requirements continue to increase, the application of high-performance silicon steel (especially high-induction oriented silicon steel) and amorphous alloys in the manufacture of energy-efficient transformers will become increasingly widespread, which is crucial for building a green power grid.

Silicon steel is not soft iron. They are two different soft magnetic materials, with distinct differences in composition, properties, and primary applications. To help you quickly grasp the core differences, the following information summarizes their key characteristics. 1. Silicon steel (silicon steel sheet): Silicon steel is primarily composed of an iron-silicon alloy, with the silicon content generally ranging from 0.5% to 4.8%. Its key features are high resistivity, high magnetic permeability, low coercive force, and minimal eddy current losses. Nevertheless, as the silicon content rises, the brittleness of silicon steel will increase accordingly. It is predominantly applied in the field of alternating current, such as in the cores of electric motors, transformers, and relays.   2. Soft Iron (Electromagnetic Pure Iron / Industrial Pure Iron):  The primary component of soft iron is high-purity iron, with a carbon content below 0.04% and minimal traces of other impurity elements. Its key characteristics include high saturation magnetization, low cost, and excellent processability. However, due to its low resistivity, it exhibits significant eddy current losses under alternating magnetic fields. Therefore, it is generally applied in direct current (DC) or static magnetic fields, such as in electromagnetic cores, pole shoes, and magnetic shielding covers. Why the confusion? Silicon steel and soft iron are often discussed together because they are both soft magnetic materials. These materials share a narrow hysteresis loop, are easily magnetized, and are easily demagnetized. This means they efficiently direct and concentrate magnetic flux lines, and their magnetism quickly disappears after the magnetic field disappears, unlike magnets that retain their magnetism for long periods of time. Historically, early motors and transformers did use soft iron or low-carbon steel directly as cores. However, it was later discovered that adding silicon to pure iron significantly improved its performance under alternating current (AC). This led to the development of silicon steel specifically for AC applications, which gradually became a mainstream material in the power industry. Summary: Simply put, you can understand their roles as follows: Silicon steel is more like a specialist specialized for AC environments, sacrificing some toughness (the addition of silicon causes brittleness) to achieve high resistivity, effectively reducing eddy current losses. Soft iron is a powerhouse in DC or static magnetic fields. Its extremely high saturation magnetization generates a strong magnetic field, but it cannot withstand the high-frequency magnetization reversals of AC.

The types of motors used in drones mainly depend on their size, purpose, and performance requirements. Generally speaking, the vast majority of consumer and industrial drones use brushless motors, while some micro or toy drones may adopt brushed motors or special hollow cup motors. When choosing a motor, the following points need to be comprehensively considered: 1. Types and uses of drones: Clearly define whether your drone is for aerial photography, racing, agricultural spraying or heavy-lift transportation. 2. Total weight and load: Estimate the total take-off weight of the drone, including the frame, battery, camera and all other equipment. This determines the total thrust you need. 3. Propeller matching: Motors and propellers need to be optimally matched. Large propellers go with low KV motors, and small propellers go with high KV motors, following the principle of "big with low, small with high". It's best to refer to the "motor-propeller thrust table" provided by the motor manufacturer for selection. 4. Battery voltage: The KV value of the motor needs to be matched with the battery voltage (such as 3S, 4S, 6S, etc.) to ensure the motor operates within an appropriate power range. How to understand motor parameters: 1. KV value: The KV value represents the increase in rotational speed (RPM/V) that a motor can achieve for each additional volt of voltage in an unloaded state. A higher KV value means a faster motor speed but relatively smaller torque. Motors with high KV values are typically paired with small propellers for racing drones; while low KV value motors focus more on torque output and can drive larger propellers, making them suitable for agricultural and logistics drones that require greater load capacity and stability. 2. Stator size: Usually expressed as diameter*height (e.g., 100*33mm). Under the same KV value, a larger stator size generally indicates greater power and torque potential for the motor. 3. Rated power: The power at which a motor can operate continuously, directly affecting the load capacity and continuous flight performance of a drone. The power of motors for industrial drones is significantly higher than that for consumer drones. 4. Matching and efficiency: The motor, electronic speed controller (ESC), propeller, and battery need to be properly matched to achieve optimal performance. An unmatched configuration may lead to low efficiency, overheating, or even damage.   The motors of consumer-grade drones focus on high integration, low noise and efficiency; the motors of industrial-grade drones, on the other hand, aim for high torque, high reliability and strong load capacity, with significantly increased power; while the motors in the DIY market (such as Hobbywing and T-Motor) offer enthusiasts a wide range of performance options and customization space.

CRGO (Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented silicon steel) and CRNGO (Cold-Rolled Non-Grain-Oriented silicon steel) are specialized steel products primarily used in electrical applications due to their superior magnetic properties. Here's a detailed comparison: 1. Definition and Basic Characteristics CRGO (Cold-Rolled Grain-Oriented silicon steel): This material undergoes a special cold-rolling and annealing process that aligns the crystalline grains in a specific direction (orientation). This orientation enhances magnetic properties in the rolling direction, making it ideal for applications where magnetic flux is primarily directional, such as transformer cores. CRNGO (Cold-Rolled Non-Grain-Oriented silicon steel): In contrast, CRNGO does not have a preferred grain orientation. Its grains are randomly oriented, resulting in isotropic magnetic properties (similar in all directions). This makes it suitable for rotating machinery like electric motors and generators, where the magnetic field changes direction. 2. Production Process Both CRGO and CRNGO are produced through a series of steps including hot rolling, cold rolling, and annealing. However, CRGO requires an additional critical step: secondary cold rolling and high-temperature annealing to develop the Goss texture (110)[001], which is responsible for its grain-oriented structure. CRNGO, on the other hand, does not undergo this texture development process, resulting in its non-oriented nature. 3. Key Applications CRGO: Its primary application is in the cores of power and distribution transformers. Its high magnetic permeability and low core loss in the rolling direction make it exceptionally efficient for minimizing energy loss in electrical transmission. CRNGO: It is predominantly used in the manufacturing of stators and rotors for electric motors​ (especially in automotive applications like electric vehicles), generators, and small transformers​ where the magnetic field is not unidirectional. Its isotropic nature ensures consistent performance regardless of the magnetic field direction. 4. Market and Industry Context The global market for these materials is significant and growing, driven largely by the expansion of the renewable energy sector and the electric vehicle (EV) industry. CRNGO demand is particularly boosted by the rapid growth in EV production, as it is a key component in efficient traction motors. China is a major producer and consumer of both CRGO and CRNGO. In 2022, China's CRNGO production was around 4.5 million tonnes, accounting for over 60% of global output. CRGO and CRNGO are essential high-performance materials in the electrical industry. The choice between them depends fundamentally on the application: CRGO is the material of choice for static equipment like transformers where magnetic fields are directional. CRNGO is indispensable for rotating machinery like motors and generators where magnetic fields are multi-directional. The growth in energy efficiency demands and the electrification of transport are key drivers for the continued innovation and market expansion of both CRGO and CRNGO

Explore how high-silicon steel (electrical steel) can be widely used as a core material in transformers, high-efficiency motors and new energy fields, contributing to global energy efficiency improvement and green energy transition. Foshan Shunde Shunge Steel Trading Co., Ltd. can provide you with high-quality silicon steel. In the global wave of pursuing sustainable development and energy efficiency, a seemingly ordinary yet crucial metal material is playing an irreplaceable role - it is high-silicon steel, also known as electrical steel or silicon steel sheets. It is not merely a material; it is a key enabler for enhancing energy efficiency and reducing carbon emissions. So, where exactly is this magical material used? 1.The heart of the power system: transformer This is the most classic and widely used field of high-silicon steel. Transformers shoulder the important responsibility of voltage conversion and electrical energy transmission, and are distributed in every link from power plants to thousands of households. Working principle: The core inside the transformer is composed of a large number of high-silicon steel sheets stacked together. When current passes through, a magnetic field is generated in the iron core. High-silicon steel, due to its extremely high magnetic permeability and low iron loss characteristics, can significantly reduce the energy loss caused by magnetic field changes (i.e., "eddy current loss" and "hysteresis loss"). The value brought: The no-load loss of the transformer made of high-performance high-silicon steel we provide can be reduced by 20% to 50%. This means that the waste of electricity during transmission has been significantly reduced, which represents a huge energy saving and operational cost reduction for power grid operators. For society, it represents a significant reduction in carbon emissions. 2. The core of industrial drives: High-efficiency motors (motors) From factory production lines to household air conditioners and washing machines, motors are the main equipment that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, consuming approximately half of the world's electricity. Working principle: Similar to transformers, the stator and rotor cores of motors are also made of high-silicon steel sheets. High-efficiency motors have extremely high requirements for the magnetic properties of core materials. The value brought: Motors made of high-grade high-silicon steel have lower iron loss and higher energy conversion efficiency. This directly complies with increasingly strict global energy efficiency standards (such as China's GB18613 and the EU's IE grade), helping manufacturers produce more energy-efficient and environmentally friendly end products and saving considerable electricity bills for downstream users. 3. Cutting-edge equipment in the new energy era With the rapid development of industries such as photovoltaic, wind power and new energy vehicles, high-silicon steel has found new and broader application stages. New energy vehicle drive motors: New energy vehicles pursue longer driving ranges, which requires drive motors to have extremely high power density and efficiency. High-performance thin-gauge high-silicon steel is an ideal material for manufacturing such miniaturized, lightweight and high-efficiency motors, which can effectively enhance the overall performance of the vehicle. Photovoltaic inverters and wind power converters: These devices are responsible for converting the direct current generated by solar panels or the variable-frequency alternating current produced by wind turbines into stable and usable industrial frequency alternating current and feeding it into the power grid. The reactors and transformers inside it also require low-loss and high-stability high-silicon steel to ensure efficient and reliable operation. 4. High-end consumer electronics and special electrical appliances Even in the high-end household appliances we come into contact with in our daily lives, there is the presence of high-silicon steel. For example: The iron core of the inverter compressor motor in high-end air conditioners. The core of the induction coil inside a high-power induction cooker. Uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and special transformers in precision medical equipment.   Choose Foshan Shunde Shunge Steel Trading Co., LTD., choose excellence and reliability The performance of high-silicon steel directly determines the energy efficiency grade and market competitiveness of the final product. Foshan Shunde Shunge Steel Trading Co., Ltd. has been deeply engaged in the field of special steel for many years. We offer: Full range of products: Covering high-grade electrical steel with different silicon contents, thicknesses and coatings, meeting various demands from traditional transformers to the most cutting-edge new energy drives. Outstanding magnetic performance: Extremely low iron loss and high magnetic induction intensity ensure that the core energy efficiency indicators of your products lead the industry. Professional technical support: Our team of materials scientists and engineers can offer you material selection advice, application simulation and processing guidance, serving as a solid backing for your technological innovation. On the global path towards a low-carbon economy, the value of high-silicon steel is becoming increasingly prominent. Choosing the right material partner means choosing a future that is efficient, reliable and sustainable.

1. Definition and Core Components • Basic Composition: With iron (Fe) as the base, it adds 2.8% to 3.5% silicon (Si), along with trace amounts of carbon, aluminum, manganese, and other elements. The addition of silicon significantly increases the resistivity (reducing eddy current losses) while maintaining high magnetic permeability. • Grain Orientation: Through cold rolling and annealing processes, a Goss texture ((110)[001] crystal orientation) is formed, concentrating the magnetization direction highly along the rolling direction, and the magnetic permeability can be 3 to 5 times higher than that of non-oriented steel. 2. Key Steps of Production Process Hot rolling: Initial forming to a thickness of 2-3mm. Cold rolling: Rolling at room temperature to the target thickness (0.18-0.35mm), with a compression ratio over 80%, and preliminary induction of grain orientation. Annealing treatment: • Primary annealing: Elimination of cold rolling stress. •Secondary recrystallization annealing: At high temperatures (>1200°C), to align grains completely along the rolling direction, which is the core process. Insulation Coating: Surface coating with phosphate or ceramic layers to reduce eddy currents between laminations and prevent corrosion. 3.Performance Advantages •Low iron loss: Grain orientation reduces hysteresis loss, with typical iron loss values being over 50% lower than those of non-oriented steel. •High magnetic saturation strength: Reaching 1.8 - 2.0T, it supports efficient energy transmission. •Low magnetostriction: Reduces vibration noise by 30 - 50dB, suitable for quiet environments (such as transformers in residential areas). •High stacking factor: >95%, allowing for compact design and saving material space. 4.Application Fields: •Power transformers: The core accounts for 70% of the cost, and CRGO steel can improve efficiency to over 99%. •Renewable energy equipment: Wind turbine generators, electric vehicle motors (high power density). •Precision instruments: MRI equipment, high-precision sensors (reliant on magnetic field stability). 5.Future Development Trends •Ultra-thin development: Advancing 0.10–0.18mm thickness for application in micro electronic transformers. •Coating technology: Nano-insulating layers to further reduce eddy current losses. •Green manufacturing: Scrap steel recycling rate >90%, reducing carbon footprint.

Silicon steel (electrical steel) • Characteristics: Silicon steel is the most traditional core material. By adding silicon (typically 3% to 5%), the resistivity is increased to reduce eddy current losses while maintaining high magnetic permeability. Cold-rolled silicon steel sheets have grain orientation, which can further optimize the magnetic flux path. • Advantages: Low cost, high mechanical strength, and mature manufacturing process, suitable for power frequency (50/60Hz) applications. • Disadvantages: Iron losses significantly increase at high frequencies (hysteresis loss + eddy current loss), and efficiency is lower than that of new materials. • Applications: • Power transformers (distribution and transmission systems); • Industrial transformers (medium and low-frequency equipment). 2. Amorphous Alloy (Amorphous Steel) • Characteristics: Metal glass structure with disordered atomic arrangement (such as iron-boron-silicon alloy), isotropic magnetism, significantly reducing eddy current and hysteresis losses. Iron loss is 70% to 80% lower than that of silicon steel. • Advantages: Ultra-high efficiency (extremely low no-load loss), environmentally friendly and energy-saving. • Disadvantages: High mechanical brittleness, difficult processing, relatively low saturation magnetic flux density (about 1.5T), and cost is 1.5 to 2 times that of silicon steel. • Applications: • High-efficiency distribution transformers (especially in energy-saving scenarios); • Renewable energy systems (photovoltaic inverters, wind power transformers).   3. Ferrite •Characteristics: Ceramic material (MnZn/NiZn-based), high resistivity (>10^6 Ω·m), naturally suppresses eddy currents, but magnetic permeability varies significantly with temperature. •Advantages: Excellent high-frequency performance (1kHz - 1MHz), small size, moderate cost. •Disadvantages: Low saturation flux density (<0.5T), brittle, not suitable for high-power low-frequency applications. • Applications: • Switching power supplies (SMPS), RF transformers; • Consumer electronics (chargers, TVs, communication devices). 4.Nanocrystalline Materials • Characteristics: Nanoscale crystalline structure (iron-based alloys), combining high saturation flux density (over 1.2T) with low high-frequency losses and good temperature stability. • Advantages: Comprehensive performance surpasses ferrite, high-frequency losses comparable to amorphous alloys. • Disadvantages: High cost, complex mass-production processes. • Applications: • High-end high-frequency transformers (medical equipment, aerospace); • Electric vehicle charging modules.   Other Materials • Iron Powder Cores: Used in mid-frequency inductors, strong anti-saturation capability but higher losses. • Permalloy (Nickel-Iron Based): Extremely high initial permeability, used in precision instruments, but with exceptionally high cost.

CRGO (Cold Rolled Grain Oriented, cold-rolled grain-oriented silicon steel) cores have become the core material in transformer manufacturing due to their unique material properties and electromagnetic performance. The following are the main reasons for their wide adoption: 1.Low iron losses • Energy efficiency improvement: CRGO steel, through the addition of silicon (3% to 4%) and the cold rolling process, forms a directional grain structure that significantly reduces hysteresis loss and eddy current loss. This leads to a reduction of about 30% to 50% in no-load losses of transformers, and over long-term operation, it can greatly save energy costs. • High resistivity: The silicon element increases the resistivity of the steel, inhibits the generation of eddy currents, and further reduces the proportion of energy converted into heat. 2.High Magnetic Permeability • Efficient magnetic flux conduction: The directional alignment of grains along the rolling direction creates a highly oriented structure, allowing magnetic flux to conduct efficiently along a low-resistance path. This reduces the magnetizing current requirement and improves the energy efficiency ratio of transformers. • High saturation magnetic flux density: High-silicon CRGO grades (e.g., high permeability grades) can carry higher magnetic flux in smaller volumes, enabling compact transformer designs while maintaining performance. This is critical for modern power systems requiring space-efficient solutions without compromising capacity. 3.Reduced Magnetostriction • Noise and vibration reduction: The optimized silicon content and grain structure in CRGO steel suppress the magnetostriction effect (material deformation caused by magnetic field variations). This significantly reduces operational noise and mechanical vibrations, making it ideally suited for noise-sensitive environments such as residential areas, hospitals, or data centers. • Material stability: Lower magnetostriction also minimizes long-term structural stress on the core, enhancing the transformer's durability and reliability under cyclic loading conditions. 4.High Stacking Factor • Enhanced material efficiency: The smooth surface and uniform thickness of CRGO steel sheets enable stacking factors exceeding 95% during core assembly. This minimizes air gaps, optimizes the magnetic circuit structure, and reduces material waste. • Mechanical precision: High dimensional consistency in CRGO laminations ensures stable core geometry, improving manufacturing repeatability and operational performance in high-power transformers. 5.Process Compatibility • Laminated structure compatibility: CRGO steel is used in thin sheet form, with interlayer insulation coatings (e.g., oxide layers or organic coatings) to isolate laminations. This blocks eddy current paths and further suppresses energy losses while maintaining magnetic efficiency. • Mechanical stability: The material exhibits high mechanical elasticity and fatigue resistance, ensuring the core maintains dimensional stability under prolonged electromagnetic stress. This property extends transformer service life and reduces maintenance requirements, even under cyclic operational loads.   Disadvantages and Trade-offs： Although CRGO steel has ~20%–30% higher costs and greater weight compared to conventional silicon steel, its unmatched advantages in energy efficiency, longevity, and reliability make it indispensable in power transformer applications. It is particularly critical for:   • High-voltage transformers (>11 kV): Enables efficient energy transmission with minimal losses over extended power grids. • Energy-efficient distribution transformers: Complies with global energy-saving regulations by reducing lifecycle operational costs through lower core losses. • Precision-demanding systems: Provides stable performance in noise-sensitive or reliability-critical environments, such as data centers, renewable energy infrastructure (solar/wind converters), and medical imaging equipment. Summary： CRGO cores achieve minimized magnetic losses and maximized magnetic efficiency through the synergistic effects of its oriented grain structure and silicon alloying design. This technology not only aligns with global energy efficiency standards, but also serves as a foundational material for advancing smart grid architectures and enabling the decarbo nization of power systems.

The transformer core (also known as the magnetic core) is the central magnetic circuit component of a transformer. Its material selection directly affects the transformer's efficiency, losses, and applicable scenarios. Based on operating frequency, power requirements, and cost factors, core materials can be categorized into the following types:   1. Traditional Silicon Steel Sheets (Fe-Si Alloy):​​ Composition: Cold-rolled steel sheets with silicon content ranging from 0.8% to 4.8% , typically with a thickness of  0.35mm or thinner​. Characteristics: High saturation magnetic induction (Bs≈1.6–1.7T), suitable for high-power scenarios at power frequencies (50/60 Hz). Laminated stacking: Insulating coatings are applied between layers to reduce eddy current losses. However, losses increase significantly at high frequencies​. Applications: Primarily used in power transformers and motor cores for low-frequency, high-power electrical equipment.   2. Ferrite Core​ Composition: Manganese-zinc (MnZn) or nickel-zinc (NiZn) ferrite, classified as sintered magnetic metal oxides. Characteristics: High resistivity: Significantly reduces eddy current losses at high frequencies, suitable for a ​frequency range of 1 kHz——1 MHz​ . Low saturation flux density (Bs ≈<0.5T), weak DC bias capability, and prone to magnetic saturation. Applications: Widely used in electronic devices such as switch-mode power supplies (SMPS)​, ​high-frequency transformers, and inductors.   3. Metal Magnetic Powder Cores Types: Iron powder cores Iron-silicon-aluminum powder cores (FeSiAl) High-flux powder cores (HighFlux) Molybdenum permalloy powder cores (MPP) . Characteristics: Strong anti-saturation capability: Reduces eddy currents through insulation-coated dispersed magnetic particles, making it suitable for DC superposition scenarios . Medium permeability (μe≈10—125) with a frequency range of 10 kHz - 100 kHz​ . Applications: Widely used in medium-to-high-frequency power devices such as: ​PFC inductors (Power Factor Correction) ​Filter inductors.   4. Novel Alloy Materials​ Amorphous Alloys​ Composition: Iron-based (e.g., Fe₈₀B₁₀Si₁₀) or cobalt-based amorphous ribbons, characterized by disordered atomic arrangement​ . ​Advantages: ​Ultra-low core losses (only 1/5 of silicon steel), enabling significant energy savings . Limitation: Significant magnetostriction (resulting in higher operating noise) . ​Applications: Energy-efficient distribution transformers.   Nanocrystalline Alloys​ ​Structure: ​Nano-scale crystalline grains (<50 nm) embedded in an amorphous matrix . ​Advantages: ​High permeability & low losses (superior to ferrites at 50 kHz) . ​Strong harmonic resistance and excellent thermal stability (operating range: -40–120°C) . ​Applications: ​High-frequency transformers and PV inverters​ . ​EV electric drive systems (e.g., integrated OBC/DC-DC modules）   Key Factors in Material Selection​ ​Operating Frequency​ ​Low Frequency (≤1 kHz) : ​Silicon Steel or Amorphous Alloys (e.g., Fe₈₀B₁₀Si₁₀). High Frequency (>10 kHz) : ​Ferrite Cores (MnZn/NiZn) or Nanocrystalline Alloys.   Loss Requirements​ ​Lowest Core Loss: ​Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Alloys. High-Frequency Loss Optimization: ​Ferrites.   Cost and Process ​Cost-Effectiveness & Maturity: ​Silicon Steel. High Initial Cost with Long-Term ROI: ​Amorphous/Nanocrystalline Alloys.​  

The transformer core is the core component of a power transformer. As the carrier of the magnetic circuit for electromagnetic induction, it directly affects the efficiency, volume and operational stability of the transformer. ​ In terms of materials, modern transformer cores are mostly made by laminating silicon steel sheets (with a silicon content of approximately 3% to 5%). The addition of silicon can significantly increase the resistivity of iron and reduce eddy current losses - this is the useless power consumption caused by electromagnetic induction of current in the iron core. Silicon steel sheets are usually rolled into thin sheets of 0.3mm or 0.23mm. After being coated with an insulating layer on the surface, they are stacked layer by layer to further reduce the influence of eddy currents. ​ Its structure is divided into two types: core-type and shell-type. In the core-type, the windings of the core wrap around the core column and are mostly used in power transformers. Shell-type cores are wound around and are commonly found in small transformers. The geometric design of the core needs to be precisely calculated to ensure the unobstructed magnetic circuit and avoid magnetic saturation at the same time. ​ Efficient core design is the key to energy conservation in transformers. Nowadays, the application of new materials such as ultrafine crystalline alloys is driving cores towards lower losses and higher magnetic permeability, providing core support for the construction of green power grids.